A wing tip is the part of the wing that is the most distant from the fuselage of a fixed-wing aircraft.

Because the air is less dense thus the TAS is higher for a given power setting and for this reason modern jet aircraft are designed to be most efficient at high altitude.

A turbo charger is externally driven by exhaust back pressure turning a turbine which in turn drives a compressor in the induction manifold to increase the air pressure (constant volume, higher pressure) and is controlled by waste gate.

A supercharger is internally driven by the propellor shaft to compress mixture and is controlled by RPM.

TORA= Takeoff Run Available, the length of runway declared available and suitable for the ground run of an aeroplane taking off.

TODA= Takeoff Distance Available, the length of the take off run available (TORA) plus the length of the clearway, if available.

ASDA= Accelerated Stop Distance Available, the length of the takeoff run plus the length of the stopway, if available.

A clearway is an area beyond the paved runway, free of obstructions and under the control of the airport authorities. The length of the clearway may be included in the length of the takeoff distance available (Take Off Distance Available (TODA)). For example, if a paved runway is 2000 m long and there are 400 m of clearway beyond the end of the runway, the takeoff distance available is 2400 m long.

The stopway is an area beyond the runway which can be used for deceleration in the event of a rejected takeoff.

Screen height: TODR is the distance from the brake release point to the point where the aircraft gains a height of 35 ft above the ground. This 35 ft is what we call the screen height. While 35 ft is the screen height for class A airplanes, it is 50 ft for class B airplanes.

On a wet runway, the screen height is reduced to 15 ft.

Altimeter errors:

Instrument error Pressure error Time-lag error Barometric error

Range = 1.23(√H1 + √H2)

= 1.23 * √32000

= 220 nm

Meridians converge from their maximum distance apart (at the equator) to the poles where they meet.

Great circles are the shortest distance between two points and convergency represents the change in direction experienced between those points.

Occurs at absolute ceiling where low speed buffet and high speed (Mach) buffet are coincident.

When reaching the coffin corner, both increasing and decreasing the corner speed will result in a loss of control (either the aircraft stalls, or mach buffeting starts).

8.000ft

A variable pitch propeller provides an optimum angle of attack for the propeller blades for a longer range which reduces fuel usage. Fixed pitch propellers are easier to produce and maintain, but reach maximum efficient at only one specific airspeed.