Profile drag, also known as pressure drag or form drag, is the drag caused by the separation of the boundary layer from a surface and the wake created by that separation.

It is primarily dependent upon the shape of the object and increases directly with speed as the faster an aircraft moves the more air molecules collide with it.

Stall speed is defined as the minimum steady flight speed at which the airplane is controllable.

NDB errors:

Interference from other NDB’s

• Static, especially near thunderstorms

• Night effect Coastal refraction

• Mountain effect

• Aircraft quadrantal error

Enhanced Ground Proximity Warning System, provides a greater level of detection than GPWS.

EGPWS is capable of ‘looking ahead’ to identify potential risks on the aircraft flight path as it includes a terrain and obstacle database.

Cumulonimbus clouds

Thunderstorms

Virga

You can go through a DA, but not a MDA.

A Decision Height, used in precision approaches, defines the point where a go around should be performed. It accounts for the altitude loss during the initial seconds of the go around maneuver.

The MDA does not account for this and assumes the pilot will never go below this altitude. When performing a CDFA most operators establish a Derived Decision altitude (DDA) to account for the extra lost altitude.

No, tropopause at the pole is lower (30.000ft) than at the equator (56.000ft)

No, VMCG is defined as the minimum control speed on the ground, with one engine inoperative (critical engine on two engine airplanes), takeoff power on other engine(s), using aerodynamic controls only for directional control and thus only applicable to ME aircraft.

Yes, the closer the C.G. is to the rear limit, the less tail down force is required, which means less drag which results in less fuel burn.

The elevation at which the airplane departed from the runway.