L = 1/2 * rho * Cl * A * V^2

Forward motion forces air into the intake which is a convergent duct where it is compressed (causing a temperature rise).

Fuel is added and combustion takes place increasing the volume. The expanding gasses accelerate to the atmosphere through the exhaust duct nozzle producing a propulsive jet.

High lift devices increase the lift produced by a wing, allowing the aircraft to operate at lower speed ranges usually for take off and landing.

TSRA: Thunderstorm with rain

• MIFG: Shallow fog

Windshear is a change of wind speed and/or direction from place to place, including updraughts and down draughts.

It is ussualy characterized by a strong change over a short distance. Windshear can effect the flight path and airspeed and can be hazardous.

Basic Empty Mass (BEM) is the mass of the aircraft with the basic equipment, unconsumable fluids and unusable fuel and oil.

1. Unload. Make sure you are no longer 'pulling G's'

2. Roll wings level

3. Power Reduce the power to avoid overspeeding.

4. gently pull back on the control wheel to ease out of the dive.

When slowed down to a safe airspeed apply throttle as needed.

(N.b.: Do not confuse a spiral dive with a spin)

The airspeed indicator uses part of the aircraft's pitot-static system to measure and compare the dynamic air pressure between air moving into the pitot tube and static air pressure measured in the case. 

The ASI is calibrated to ISA at MSL and represents the dynamic pressure as indicated airspeed in knots per hour.

ASI errors can originate and vary from:

Instrument Pressure Density Compressibility Maneuver Blocked pitot static system

Non Directional Beacon, a medium range radio navigation aid that sends out a signal in all directions for an aircraft to home to.

NDB errors:

Interference from other NDB’s

• Static, especially near thunderstorms

• Night effect Coastal refraction

• Mountain effect

• Aircraft quadrantal error