Basic Empty Mass (BEM) is the mass of the aircraft with the basic equipment, unconsumable fluids and unusable fuel and oil.

A variable pitch propeller provides an optimum angle of attack for the propeller blades for a longer range which reduces fuel usage, fixed pitch propellers only have a certain rpm.

Forward motion forces air into the intake which is a convergent duct where it is compressed (causing a temperature rise).

Fuel is added and combustion takes place increasing the volume. The expanding gasses accelerate to the atmosphere through the exhaust duct nozzle producing a propulsive jet.

High lift devices increase the lift produced by a wing, allowing the aircraft to operate at lower speed ranges usually for take off and landing.

For every 1kg of air passing through the combustion chamber, 11kg of air pass bypass the combustion chamber.

GPWS is a central computer system that receives various data inputs on configuration, (radio altimeter) height/altitude and instrument landing system glide slope deviation and is able to alert the pilot when a dangerous situation is about to occur.

Yes, for safety you will need a V2 speed.

Range = 1.23(√H1 + √H2)

= 1.23 * √32000

= 220 nm

Jet engines are designed to achieve their best specific fuel consumption at high rpm, which can only be achieved at high altitudes where the air density is low.

Thrust produced will be low enough to equal the required cruising thrust. Also high altitude gives the best operating conditions for the airframe i.e. minimum drag during the cruise.

Turboprops need relatively dense air for the propellers to work efficiently and at high altitude the density would be too low.

New York to London (flying east) would take less time because of the Polar front westerly jet stream.