Airplanes can get uncontrollable during windshear.

When an aircraft climbs, the static pressure in the instrument case decreases, which allows the enclosed capsule to expand.

This in turn moves the needle on the instrument to indicate a corresponding altitude.

During descent, the opposite function applies.

Altimeter errors can originate and vary from:

Instrument Pressure Time-lag Barometric Density Temperature Blocked static port

Jet engines are designed to achieve their best specific fuel consumption at high rpm, which can only be achieved at high altitudes where the air density is low.

Thrust produced will be low enough to equal the required cruising thrust. Also high altitude gives the best operating conditions for the airframe i.e. minimum drag during the cruise.

Turboprops need relatively dense air for the propellers to work efficiently and at high altitude the density would be too low.

The position of the CG directly influences the fuel consumption of an aircraft. An aft position of the CG makes the aircraft less stable, requiring less lift to be generated in both the horizontal stabilizer and wings, reducing the overall drag of the aircraft, and increasing the max range.

You want to load the the aircraft so that the CG is at, or as close as possible, to the aft limit (Without exceeding it).

1. Unload. Make sure you are no longer 'pulling G's'

2. Roll wings level

3. Power Reduce the power to avoid overspeeding.

4. gently pull back on the control wheel to ease out of the dive.

When slowed down to a safe airspeed apply throttle as needed.

(N.b.: Do not confuse a spiral dive with a spin)

A Mach trimmer automatically compensates for Mach tuck above Mcrit.

Mcrit

Departure is an east-west distance along a parallel line of latitude, other than the equator.

Departure is calculated by: Change of longitude(minutes) x cosine of latitude.

Meridians converge from their maximum distance apart (at the equator) to the poles where they meet.

Great circles are the shortest distance between two points and convergency represents the change in direction experienced between those points.

Downward inclination of a wing from the root to the tip.